Management and Operations: A Critical Analysis of Leadership and Management Roles in the Education Sector

Unit 4: Management and Operations

Executive Summary

Management and operation is a process of helping the organization to do better production and to create a high level of efficiencies for the organization. This assignment will highlight the role of management in increasing the efficiency of the organisation. Along with how the leaders and managers are helpful in the operation management process in the education sector. The operation and management process is applicable in all sectors and industries for the effectiveness of the organization. This operational and management process in context with various theories will be explained in the assignment.

Introduction

Management and operations are related to the administration of the business practice to create a high level of efficiencies within the organization. It is a procedure related to production and the way of transforming the raw materials into a final good in a very orderly and organized manner. Leaders and managers are an important part of an organization. They help the organisation to work in a systematized and effective manner.

In this study, the roles and responsibilities of leaders and managers as well as their characteristics will be outlined and compared. Further, the application of the roles of leaders and the functions of managers will be discussed. In addition to this, it will highlight the relation of operations and the management with respect to the modern business environment. Brunel University is a public research university located in London, England. It was founded in 1966 (Brunel.ac. UK, 2021).

Task 1: Differentiating role of a leader and function of a manager

Outlining the roles and characteristics of a leader and manager

Leader is someone who can see how things can be perfected and worked out to attend to the goals and vision of the organisation. They work towards turning the vision of the organisation into a reality as well as helping the employees to attend to their essential goals (Artaya, 2019). Mangers are the ones who direct the activities of others. It is the manager who works as a planner, coordinator, producer, and marketer who works to attend to the goals of a particular organization. Leaders and managers are an important part of apt and industrious management and operation of any organisation or sector. They play a very important role in managing and organizing the working of any process. There are various roles and responsibilities of the leaders and managers (Slack et al., 2017).

Leaders are like a figurehead that motivates the subordinate people to accomplish the goals of the organization. A leader is the one to organise and lead the organisation in a proper manner. The leader also helps the employees to grow individually and at the same time helps them to sharpen their skills. They motivate the employees to work for the progress of the organization (Connolly et al., 2019). Leaders make sure that all the employees are working towards achieving the goals and responsibilities set by the managers. They work as a link between the employee and the organization. Leaders make sure that the information and the ideas of the employees are set in front of the organization. They also update the employees of the new decision laws ideas and policies set by the organisation employees. A leader works towards providing the right guidance to the employees.

On the other hand, the managers are an individual who leads a specific group of people for a specific task. The main function of the manager is to develop different strategies and implement them so that the organisation can gain profit and accomplish its goals. The most important work of the managers is to develop business objectives for the organisation (SCHEDLITZKI and EDWARDS, 2014). The managers develop and set the business objective for the organisation on which all the employees need to work. Managers are responsible to see to the legal matters of the organisation, they act as a figurehead who work to achieve the goals. The managers not only motivate the employees but also make sure that they maintain discipline in the workplace. They are supposed to act as a head person to solve if there is any kind of conflict between the employees and the subordinates (Liphadzi et al., 2017).

Consider a range of theories and concepts of management and leadership

Classical management theory

Classical management theory defines the conception that portrays the need of workers concerning their physical and economical needs. The leader provides the innovative idea that helps in the accumulation of target by the creation of lucrative productivity. On the other hand manager holes reasonability for the accession of training and development of a program for respective employees. This theory was solely designed to simplify operations, increase output and enhance the bottom line. Classical management theory summaries a ultimate workplace that rests on the three main concepts (Saxena, 2019).

• Hierarchal structural:

Under the classical management theory, the workplace is broken down into three different tires. At the very top of the organisation and this hierarchal structure are the owner and the board of directors who set the goals and objectives for the organisation. There are the middle managers who make a plan as to how these plans will be implemented. And at last, there the supervisors who look into the day-to-day activities and keep an eye on how the plan is being executed.

• Specialisation:

In this process, a larger work process has been broken down into small steps and divided among the employees so that they could work according to it. This will help the work to be done in an organised and effective manner. Here the leaders and the managers should divide the work accurately and then hand out the work among each other accordingly.

• Incentives:

This theory believes that employees are motivated by financial rewards. The leaders and managers can set some targets for the employees and then provided them with the necessary incentives for the work. Rewarding the employees by giving them the necessary incentives is one of the best ways to motivate the employee. The more motivated the employees are, the more productive they will be.

Transactional theory

The transactional theory of leadership was termed by Max Weber in 1947. This theory revolves around the idea of leaders motivating their employees to work for a particular project by appealing to their self-interest. The theory is related to the process of the leaders and managers motivating their employees to do a particular project by using the employees’ self-interest. This can be done by either providing rewards to the employees. Apart from that the leaders and managers can appoint people with the respective skills and interest in that project so that it could be easy for them as well as interesting to work on it. Some of the major characteristics of the transactional theory are.

• It focused on short term goals

• To adhere structured policies and procedures

• Thrive on following rules and doing things correctly

• Revel inefficiency

• Opposed to change

• Tend to be flexible

There are some benefits and drawback of transactional theory. Some of the benefits of this theory are that it provided rewards to the employees who follow the necessary instruction, helps to attain the short-term goals quickly as well as rewards and penalties are clearly defined to the employees. On the other hand, the disadvantages of the transactional leadership theory are that it rewards the employees on the practical level only, creativity is limited as goals and ideas are already set and it does not prize personal initiative (Afsar et al., 2017).

Task 2: Application of role of leader and function of a manager

Find some examples of the role of a leader and function of a manager and examine them

The leaders have various roles in the organisational context and the managers in the business context. Hence the roles and functions of the leaders and managers are applied in a different context to achieve the goals of the organisation (Ellis et al., 2017).

Planning is the first context where the roles of leaders and the functions of the organisation are applied. Sir Richard Sykes the Chairman of the Imperial College healthcare NHS trust is an industrialist that can do the panning of innovating new techniques for Brunel Universities (Independent.co.uk 2011). Planning refers to the planning made to succeed in the objective of the company. In this context, the prime responsibility of the managers is to set the objectives and the leaders to work in the process of executing them. The managers of the Brunel University during the Covide-19 lead the objectives that proper education  

Providing the necessary tools, to the staff is very necessary for the proper delivery of work is very important for the work of any organization. The leaders and managers are supposed to provide the necessary tools required to do the work. In the educational sector, the leaders and managers should make sure that they provide the necessary tools to the staff so that they could provide the necessary information to the students. Brunel University have provided the teachers and the staff with the necessary digital tools that they can use to provide education to the students (Brunel.ac.uk, 2021)

Directing the employees is the very important work done by the leaders and managers. In the current COVID-19 situation the leaders of the education sector are supposed to provide more direction to its staff to their work effectively. The leaders of Brunel university have provided the policy and guidance for home working to the staff. These guidelines and policy cover the below-given points (Brunel.ac.uk, 2021)

• The requirements for work from home

• Prioritising work from home

• Equipment needed

• Data security and confidentiality

• Health, safety, and well being

Controlling is one of the important factors and the work of the managers and the leaders. The managers should have the ability to manage any kind of situation that will arise in the process. If there is any conflict among the employees or any kind of problem with the process of the work the leaders and the managers should be able to handle it. The leaders should first bring this problem to the notice of the managers and then the managers should take the necessary steps. If the problems are not stopped at their initial stage then they can create a lot of bigger problems in the future which will affect the productivity of the organisation. In such ways, the application of the roles and functions of the leaders and management can be put into application and work towards the betterment of the organisation. 

Situational contexts caused by Covid-19 and how managers and leaders have been able/ unable to deal with those challenges

Staffs are the people who are working under the leaders and managers. Motivation is important as this will help the employees to work with interest and give their best in the work. The managers in this case can motivate the employees by giving them the necessary rewards and punishment. Providing intensive to the employees will motivate them to work effectively and productively. The leaders over her can motivate the employees by providing the information about the intensive they are going to get by the managers. This motivates the staff more and their performance can be more productive and effective. 

In the current situation, the educational sector has to provide education to the students through online methods. This situation has created a big challenge in front of the leaders and managers of the education sector. In this situation, Brunel University is providing its staff with the necessary digital tools to make this online learning process an effective one. As well as they are providing the necessary training to the teachers that will be held in June. As well as they have set up a digital education team for further support (Brunel.ac.uk, 2021). 

Co-ordinating is very important for the proper and effective working of the organisation. The leaders and the managers need to make sure that their coordination between the employees and the organisation so that the work could be done accordingly. This coordination can be brought into the workplace by having an effective communication process with the employees. The leader should have good communication with the employees and try to figure out what problem they are facing. Taking into consideration the problems the leaders should address the same to the managers and in consideration with the managers should try to solve the problem. Any miscommunication between the employees and the leaders will create problems. Hence, the leaders should make sure that all the things are communicated effectively so that there is no problem in the future (Tugushi, 2018).

Critical analysis and critical evaluation; and apply different theories and models of approach including situational leadership, system leadership, and contingency theory of leadership

Situational leadership

Situational leadership is the theory that focuses on how different leadership style can be adapted in different managerial operations. These concept describe that no leadership style is perfect and the style of leadership should be chosen on the basis of a particular situation. Hersey and Blanchard suggested that there are four primary leadership styles (Thompson and Glasø, 2018).

• Telling: In this leadership style the leaders tell the employees what to do and how to do it.

• Selling: this style is more like a back-and-forth conversation of the leader's and followers’ conversation. In this process, the leaders sell their ideas to the employees so that they could buy them to use in the process.

• Participating: in this situation, the leaders provide less guidance and encourage the employees to come up with more ideas.

• Delegating: this process contains less involvement of the leaders. All the decisions are taken by the group of the members and the responsibility as well.

System leadership

System leadership is related to a set of skills that an individual or organization can use to catalyse, enable and support the process of system-level changes. The system leadership is applied to a situation where collective action is required. However, this process required a more challenging approach involving high transaction costs, ambagious outcomes, and long timeframes. There are five key elements distilled for the system changes (David and Drysdale, 2018).

• To Convene and obligate

• To Look and learn

• Engage and strengthen

• Act with accountability and

• Review and revise

Contingency theory of leadership

The contingency leadership is theories which studies that in which situation what kind of leadership can be applied. This theory describe that leaders can be proven lucrative under one circumstance and totally opposite in the other. To be beneficial in all the situation the leaders should try to examine the situation and apply the strategies accordingly. The contingency theory of leadership is impacted by a range of specific factors in the average workplace that incudes (Vidal et al., 2017).

• Heeds to the experience level of the employees

• Focuses on the rapport among the employees

• Employability of staff

• Nurtures the working satire of management

• Stereotypical work atmosphere

• Accomplishment of aims and objectives of the company

 

Task 3: Roles of leaders and manager in the operations function

Explain the key approaches to the operations management and roles that leaders and managers can play to challenge this crisis

Operation management theory is the set of practices that companies use to increase their productivity. This process in an organisation is concerned with the production process and business operation in a very effective manner. One of the responsibilities of the operation management is to make sure that the business is working effectively. It also works to make a product using limited resources and at the same time to meet the customer's need. There specific approaches to the operation and management and as well there are different roles played by the leaders and managers (HILL and HILL, 2011)

• Six- sigma

Figure 1: Six-Sigma

(Source: Inspired from Aital, 2017)

Six- sigma is the tool used by the organisation to improve the competence of their business processes. This method focuses on decreasing process variation and enhancing process control. For the implementation of the six- sigma can be done an organisation using the two basic options and that implements a six-sigma program or initiative and creates a six-sigma infrastructure. The step implements a six-sigma program to initiative is related is an approach where certain employees are thought and provided training about the statistic tools and asked to apply this tool into the given work. The approaches of these methods will help the organisation to involve new tools into their work tools and increase their productivity (Zhuo, 2019).

• Total quality management

Total quality management is a course of action of deducting, diminishing and eliminating errors in manufacturing of the product, restructuring supply chain management, and refining the customer’s experience. These theory focuses on to held responsible the parties engaged in the production process for the overall result (Koskela et al., 2019). The total quality management theory can be applied to various other industries. It focuses on the long-term changes using the short-term goals, it is designed to provide a proper vision for a systematic change. In simple words, total quality management works in for the manufacturing process to make sure that the production of the product is up to the mark and of good quality. In this process, the leaders and the managers make sure that they motivate the employees so that they could give their best and the outcome is of good quality. The organisation must make sure that they create a good quality of the product so that the customers are satisfied (Pambreni et al., 2019).

• Just in time inventory 

Just in time inventory is the method where the organisation decides to order the raw material just before the production process. This method is a management strategy that minimises inventory and increased efficiency. The Just in time inventory has its advantages and disadvantages. The major advantages of these methods are that production runs are short which means the manufacture and move quickly move from one product to another. This method reduces the cost of the warehouse. The companies also save money in this process as they use only the limited and needed raw material for the particular production. On the other hand, one of the major disadvantages of this process is that if the supplier is not able to do the delivery at the given time or goes out of stock at the required moment, then this will affect the whole working system and can also put a halt on it (Banton, 2020).

• Continues improvement process (Kaizen)

Continues improvement process is an act of implementing improvements to a product or service or any process. The continuous improvement process model consists of a four-step quality assurance method which PADC cycle (Jagusiak-Kocik, 2017).

• Plan: identify the opportunity and plan the change accordingly 

• Do: this refers to being the plan into the action 

• Check: to check and analyse if the plan has made any difference 

• Act: here the organisation needs to is if the implementation of the plan or the changes was successful and if what then apply it on a wider scale and if not then start the cycle again.  

Figure 2: PADC cycle

(Source: Inspired from Jagusiak-Kocik, 2017)

Explain and evaluate how ‘approaches to operations management and role that leaders and managers play’ can support in achieving business objectives

Implementing new tools and working styles into the organisation is very crucial work and it is the work of the leaders and managers to make sure that these tools are implemented properly. The leaders will provide the necessary training to the employees so that they could use the tools. The second type of step of creating a six- sigma infrastructure is related to a process of that use the different methodology to choose the right tools at the right time and make the most of the opportunities at hand. The managers make sure to choose the proper tools that will help their organisation to be more productive. Then they set out the necessary steps as to how these tools will be implemented (Aital, 2017).

The managers and the leaders strive to bring out better productivity as well as work to bring out better efficiency. The leaders and managers work here to motivate the employees and so that they give their best and the productivity of the product is good. The managers and leaders also work on bring out ideas from the employees and plan how those plans can be put into action. And as per the PADC cycle, the managers and leaders keep an eye on how the plan is being executed and what change and profit it has brought to the organisation (Hager et al., 2017).

Customer satisfaction is very important for any organisation; customers are one of the important keys to the success of the organisation and it the main vision of every organisation to make their customers happy and satisfied with their product. Hence the leaders and the managers should make sure that they motivate their employees accordingly so that the efficiency of the product is very high (Rožman et al., 2017). However, in the Just in time approach, the managers can work towards providing the necessary raw material on the time. The managers need to make sure that they order the raw material on time. On the other hand, the leaders need to make sure that the raw material is used appropriately by the employees to make the product. They should also keep in mind that the work is done properly and within the provided time (Franco, 2017). 

Task 4: Relationship between leadership and management in a contemporary business environment

Analysis and critical evaluation which recommends actions for the education provider

a) Business environments that impact operational management and decision making by leaders and managers

There are various factor and environment that affects the business environment. Factors such as the political, economic, social and many other have the impact on the decision-making policies of the leaders and mangers. The leaders and managers are supposed to make the decision keeping in mind the need of time and situation (Song et al., 2017). The Brunel University of UK has also affected these factors hence the leaders and the managers have to make their decision taking into consideration their environment. Some factors have affected the decision making of the leaders and management of Brunel University.

• Political factors are one of the business environments that affect the decision making of the leaders and managers of any organisation. Currently, in the UK the government have imposed some restriction on the air travels because of which many foreign students are not able to go to their respective universities (Webmd.com, 2021). However, online classes have become an advantage for these students who are sitting in some countries.

• Economic factors are also one of the factors that affect the decision making of the organisation. This factor is related to the financial crisis that is faced by a particular organisation due to the decision of the government of that particular country (The guardian.com, 2021). Due to the covid19 and the ongoing pandemic, the financial stability of the whole world is not stable. In such a situation the Brunel University cannot provide any kind of financial help to the students coming from abroad. There is even a shortage of jobs due to this pandemic and it has become difficult for the student to find jobs altogether in a new environment and settle down.

• The social factor is also an important factor that needs to be taken into consideration for the proper working of the organisation. In the education industry as well the leaders and managers need to take into consideration the social factors while working. Many students come from abroad to study in the UK and these students might face various problems due to the sudden changes in culture (Khanal and Gaulee, 2019)

• The various kind of technology nowadays has helped various organisation and sectors by making their work quite easy for them. Even in the education sector where people use to store all the information in the written and papers in the olden days has now been replaced by technology (Medicalnewsbulletin.com, 2020). However, as much as the new technology provides advantages at the same time it has its disadvantages. Students nowadays can take shoot unnecessary and inappropriate videos of the classmate and bully them with it. Bulling of students is a very dangerous thing. This has a lot of bad effects on the mental health of the students (Fenews.co.uk, 2021).

b) Analytical review of the issues

The leaders and managers of Brunel University need to make their decision taking into consideration these current situations. They should make sure that the students who are sitting in some other country are also provided with the proper and necessary education. Along with that, the students who want to get admission and are fresher needs to follow all the necessary instructions and guidelines laid down by the government of the UK. The students might find it very difficult to get admission to any kind of university due to the financial crisis (Brunel.ac.uk, 2021). Hence the leaders and the managers of the universities should try to find out some solutions to help these kinds of students so that they do not waste or miss anything on their education.

The sudden changes in culture might affect the mental health of the students (Studee.com, 2021). To help the students with this the universities should make sure that they provide necessary help to the student. This can be done by helping the students by providing them with a school psychologist who will talk to them and help them to cope up with the cultural shock. Continues bullying of the students can lead them to depression and anxiety. The leaders and the managers of Brunel University should make sure that they take the necessary step to stop the bullying of the students and make sure that no students are going through it. They should make rules and regulations that can put a halt to this process (Brunel.ac.uk, 2019). As well as help those students who are already going through this by providing them with the necessary counselling and taking appropriate action against students who are bullying other students.

Conclusion

Management and operation are one important process for the proper working of the organisation. This process is related to the process of making the proper and effective production of a particular product. Management is also important in the education sector for the proper working of the industry. Leaders and managers are the people who make sure the process and management are done effectively. The leaders and managers work to achieve the goal of the organisation as well as that of the employees. There are various roles and functions of the leaders and the managers such as setting the goals of the company, make a proper and effective plan, implementing the plan as well as the well-being of the employees. All these functions and roles of the leaders and managers help the organisation to work effectively and productively. The application of these roles and the function of the leaders and managers make the working of the organisation very effective as well as productive. The leaders and managers also work to make per the various business environment that affects the business of any organisation. They make a decision taking into consideration the various factors and their effects on the organisation. 

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